Postgres

Testing and Benchmarking PostgresDB

Notes on tuning postgres for cpu and memory benchmarking

Posted on by gary

Recently I wanted to measure the impact of NUMA placement and Hugepages on the performance of postgres running in a VM on a Nutanix node. To do this I needed to drive postgres to do real transactions but have very little jitter/noise from the filesystem and storage. After reading a lot of blogs I came up with a process and set of postgres.conf tuneables that allowed me to run HammerDB TPROC workload (TPCC-C like) with very low variation around 0.3% variance (standard deviation/mean).

The tunings are not meant to represent best practices – and running repeatedly (without manually vacuuming, or doing a restore – will create problems because I am disabling autovacuum (see this discussion with HammerDB author Steve Shaw here and here)

Results

I have put the benchmark results below – but the main point of this post is to discuss the method which allows me to generate very repeatable postgres benchmark results where I can drive the CPU/Memory to be the limiting bottleneck. The screenshot below shows 5 runs back-to-back. From top to bottom the output shows

  • SQL commits per minute
  • Database VM CPU usage per core
  • Memory bandwidth (from Intel PCM running on the AHV hypervisor host)
  • Database VM IO rates
Multiple benchmark runs with consistent low jitter results
Continue reading →

View from Nutanix storage during Postgres DB benchmark

Posted on by gary

Following on from the previous [1] [2] experiments with Postgres & pgbench. A quick look at how the workload is seen from the Nutanix CVM.

The Linux VM running postgres has two virtual disks:

  • One is taking transaction log writes.
  • The other is doing reads and writes from the main datafiles.

Since the database size is small (50% the size of the Linux RAM) – the data is mostly cached inside the guest, and so most reads do not hit storage. As a result we only see writes going to the DB files.

Additionally, we see that database datafile writes the arrive in a bursty fashion, and that these write bursts are more intense (~10x) than the log file writes.

Charts from Prometheus/Grafana showing IO rates seen from the perspective of the Linux guest VM

Despite the database flushes ocurring in bursts with a decent amount of concurrency the Nutanix CVM provides an average of 1.5ms write response time.

From the Nutanix CVM port 2009 handler, we can access the individual vdisk statistics. In this particular case vDisk 45269 is the data file disk, and 40043 is the database transaction log disk.

Datafile writes completed in 1.5millisecond average – despite deep queues during burst

The vdisk categorizer correctly identifies the database datafile write pattern as highly random.

Writes to the datbase datafiles are almost entirely random

As a result, the writes are passed into the replicated oplog

The burst of writes hits the oplog as expected

Meanwhile the log writes are categorized as mostly sequential, which is expected for a database log file workload.

Meanwhile, log file writes are mostly categorized as sequential.

Even though the log writes are sequential, they are low-concurrency and small size (looks like mostly 16K-32K). This write pattern is also a good candidate for oplog.

These low-concurrency log writes also hit oplog

Benchmarking with Postgres PT2

Posted on by gary

In this example we run pgbench with a scale factor of 1000 which equates to a database size of around 15GB. The linux VM has 32G RAM, so we don’t expect to see many reads.

Using prometheus with the Linux node exporter we can see the disk IO pattern from pgbench. As expected the write pattern to the log disk (sda) is quite constant, while the write pattern to the database files (sdb) is bursty.

pgbench with DB size 50% of Linux buffer cache.

I had to tune the parameter checkpoint_completion_target from 0.5 to 0.9 otherwise the SCSI stack became overwhelmed during checkpoints, and caused log-writes to stall.

default pgbench – notice the sharp drop in log-writes before tuning.


Benchmarking with Postgres PT1

Posted on by gary
Image By Daniel Lundin

In this example, we use Postgres and the pgbench workload generator to drive some load in a virtual machine.  Assume a Linux virtual machine that has Postgres installed. Specifically using a Bitnami virtual appliance.

  • Once the VM has been started, connect to the console
  • Allow access to postgres port 5432 – which is the postgres DB port or allow ssh
$ sudo ufw allow 5432
  • Note the postgres user password (cat ./bitnami_credentials)
  •  Login to psql from the console or ssh
psql -U postgres
  • Optionally change password (the password prompted is the one from bitnami_credentials for the postgres database user).
psql -U postgres
postgres=# alter user postgres with password 'NEW_PASSWORD';
postgresl=# \q
  • Create a DB to run the pgbench workload.  In this case I name the db pgbench-sf10 for “Scale Factor 10”.  Scale Factors are how the size of the database is determined.
$ sudo -u postgres createdb pgbench-sf10
  • Initialise the DB with data ready to run the benchmark.  The “createdb” step just creates an empty schema.
    • -i means “initialize”
    • -s means “scale factor” e.g. 10
    • pgbench-sf10 is the database schema to use.  We use the one just created pgbench-sf10
$ sudo -u postgres pgbench -i -s 10 pgbench-sf10
  • Noe run a workload against the DB schema called pgbench-sf10
$ sudo -u postgres pgbench pgbench-sf10

The workload pattern, and load on the system will vary greatly depending on the scale factor.  

Scale-Factor        Working Set Size

1                                   23M
10                                157M
100                             1.7GB
1000                          15GB
2500                          37GB
5000                         74GB
10000                       147GB

 

 

Performance gains for postgres on Linux with hugepages

Posted on by gary

For this experiment I am using Postgres v11 on Linux 3.10 kernel. The goal was to see what gains can be made from using hugepages. I use the “built in” benchmark pgbench to run a simple set of queries.

Since I am interested in only the gains from hugepages I chose to use the “-S” parameter to pgbench which means perform only the “select” statements. Obviously this masks any costs that might be seen when dirtying hugepages – but it kept the experiment from having to be concerned with writing to the filesystem.

Experiment

The workstation has 32GB of memory
Postgres is given 16GB of memory using the parameter 

shared_buffers = 16384MB


pgbench creates a ~7.4gb database using a scale-factor of 500 

pgbench -i -s 500

Run the experiment like this

$ pgbench -c 10 -S -T 600 -P 1 p gbench

Result

Default : No hugepages :
tps = 62190.452850 (excluding connections establishing)

2MB Hugepages
tps = 66864.410968 (excluding connections establishing)
+7.5% over default

1GB Hugepages
tps = 69702.358303 (excluding connections establishing)
+12% over default

Enabling hugepages

Getting the default hugepages is as easy as entering a value into /etc/sysctl.conf. To allow for 16GB of hugepages I used the value of 8400, followed by “sysctl -p”

[root@arches gary]# grep huge /etc/sysctl.conf 
vm.nr_hugepages = 8400
[root@arches gary]# sysctl -p

To get 1GB hugepages, the kernel has to have it configured during boot e.g. 

[root@arches boot]# grep CMDLINE /etc/default/grub
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="rd.lvm.lv=centos/swap vconsole.font=latarcyrheb-sun16 rd.lvm.lv=centos/root crashkernel=auto  vconsole.keymap=us rhgb quiet rdblacklist=nouveau default_hugepagesz=1G hugepagesz=1G

Then reboot the kernel

I used these excellent resources
How to modify the kernel command line
How to enable hugepages
and this great video on Linux virtual memory